松嫩高平原土地利用格局空间尺度识别及其关联关系研究

研究目的:实现由传统的人工识别到自动识别土地利用格局空间尺度的方法创新,为优化区域土地利用格局提供科学依据。研究方法:基于分形理论,采用二阶导数对计盒维数模型进行改进和优化。研究结果:(1)研究区土地利用格局在900 m×900 m尺度上具有明显的分形特征;(2)1991年、2003年和2015年研究区土地利用格局表现为各土地利用类型之间空间作用力、分布均匀程度和内部联结性的大小不同,并呈现出空间相互关联关系复杂性;(3)1991—2015年,研究区土地利用格局空间相互关联关系变化特征明显,表现为土地利用格局中竞争强度强弱的差异。研究结论:(1)改进的计盒维数模型能够实现土地利用格局空间尺度的自动识别;(2)建立的计盒维数自动识别尺度模型,确定研究区土地利用格局空间尺度900 m×900 m是独立最小地理单元,也是分析土地利用格局变化的最优尺度。     

中国经济金融化与城镇化的空间计量分析——基于直接效应与间接效应分解

在理论分析经济金融化影响城镇化机制的基础上，运用我国省际面板数据建立空间计量模型，并采用直接效应和间接效应分解的方法来探寻经济金融化对本区域和邻近区域城镇化发展的影响效应及特征。研究发现，经济金融化对本区域城镇化的影响存在着倒"U"型的非线性转换特征。当经济金融化水平未达到倒"U"型曲线的顶点以前，对该区域城镇化的影响效应显著为正；而其跨越"U"型曲线的顶点后，对该区域城镇化发展的负面效应便开始显现。但值得注意的是，其对邻近区域城镇化影响的非线性特征并不显著，而是存在显著的、线性的负向关系，会制约邻近区域城镇化的发展。此外，工业化和农业人力资本两个控制变量对本区域和邻近区域的城镇化影响效应均显著为正。     

Social-economic Development of Small West European Peripheral Countries

In the framework of different countries＇ international comparison, the objective of this paper reflects research topic of investigation--the identification of small countries, revealing features of economic development and business growth in economic history context of small economies classification. The object of investigation focuses on West European and Nordic countries＇ small economies. The hypothesis of the article is that small states under consideration are developing as the business competitive peripheries areas due to the special Scandinavian capitalist model development characterized by high level of social capital. The statistical data base includes Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development indicators, World Bank parameters and Nordic transnational corporation＇s annual reports. The paper considers the following research questions： （1） the critical overview of the mainstream academicians opinions concerning different-scaled economies, （2） classification of small states and clarification of different groups of the small-scaled countries role in the world and regional economy through historical context, （3） estimates and variants of small countries＇ social-economic development in accordance with different parameters, （4） consideration of Nordic European countries coming to the business model of the competitive peripheral social-economic development. The main summing up conclusion is that small economies of Nordic Europe are converting nowadays into the experimental laboratory of the European and world economy due to the specific model of their social-oriented economic and business growth, their geopolitical location between developed European integration complex embracing presumably small-scaled states from one side and large-scaled emerging market economy of Asian continent from the other side.     

北京市休闲农业园区空间分布特征研究

文章借助地理信息系统,利用调查的703个休闲农业园区的点位数据,对北京市休闲农业园区的空间分布特征进行了分析,为政府部门对休闲农业进行政策扶持,提供公共服务,以及有的放矢地进行休闲农业园区的提档升级进行决策支撑。从最邻近指数、洛伦兹曲线和地理集中指数以及基尼系数3个方面进行了空间分布类型的测定,结果显示北京市休闲农业空间布局类型是集聚型;利用核密度法、空间分布热点来分析空间分布密度,在密度较高的地区主要集中在昌平、顺义、海淀和通州,热点区域主要集中在昌平、海淀、顺义和怀柔;通过缓冲区分析和二次函数曲线拟合来分析观光园区点位与客源市场的关系,在与一级市场的关系来看,形成30~50km的高密度环,在与二级市场的关系来看,形成10~15km的高密度带,休闲园区分布随距离衰减的规律是先增加后减少;在交通网络密度方面,整体的路网密度较密集,呈现由中部向东西部逐步降低的趋势。从交通网络通达度来看,呈现环状分布兼块状分布相结合的趋势。网络交通度最高的园区分布在昌平、顺义还有海淀的一部分。结论:(1)北京的休闲农业园区发展已经达到了集聚程度,但集中程度不是很高,还有发展的潜力与空间。(2)密度较高的地方主要集中于昌平、顺义、海淀,在密度较高的地方交通网络通达度也较高,可以在密集程度较高的地方设立中转站或联络站点。(3)从距离客源市场的分布图分析,休闲农业的发展受客源市场影响较大。(4)交通网络密度,基本上按照圈层分布,要扩大休闲农业旅游市场范围,进一步增强休闲农业旅游的吸引力。     

Neighborhood as Spatial Project: Making the Urban Order on the Downtown Brooklyn Waterfront

This article argues for a reconceptualization of one of the most basic concepts in urban studies: the neighborhood. Traditionally neighborhoods have been understood as clearly bounded, quasi‐Westphalian containers or as ‘natural areas’ of urban community. But this approach is widely acknowledged to be under‐theorized. And it fails to account for the ways in which the production of neighborhood is inherently political and often conflictual. After reviewing the ways in which neighborhood has been used in urban sociology and urban planning, this article offers a critical conception of neighborhoods as ‘spatial projects’ on the submetropolitan scale. This approach captures the ways in which neighborhoods are not abstract spaces on a city map, but the uneven, unequal products of complex, ongoing struggles between various groups and institutions. This approach is developed through an ethnographic and historical case study of neighborhood formation in one part of Brooklyn, New York. The article concludes with a discussion of how the language of spatial projects refocuses urban research on the political and economic forces that produce neighborhood in the contemporary city.     

平顶山市休闲农业不同区域的发展潜力评价

[目的]对平顶山市休闲农业的空间分布特征及其发展潜力进行分析和评价,以期为平顶山市休闲农业的可持续发展提供参考和借鉴。[方法]文章对平顶山市休闲农业空间布局分区论述,并采用层次分析法构建平顶山市休闲农业发展潜力指标评价体系,确定指标权重,然后根据各指标的游客和当地农民的打分值与权重值加权计算不同区域的发展潜力指数并比较发展潜力大小。[结果]根据区域位置和地理环境以及休闲农业发展速度,将平顶山市休闲农业划分为北部山区休闲农业区、东部城乡休闲农业区、南部现代休闲农业区和西部傍水休闲农业区4个区域,各区域发展特点突出。对各指标权重值与打分值的加权求和计算得到的不同区域发展潜力指数看出,西部傍水休闲农业区的发展潜力最大,其次为北部山区休闲农业区,再者是南部现代休闲农业区,东部城郊休闲农业区的发展潜力最小。[结论]平顶山市休闲农业发展前景广阔,具有可持续发展的巨大潜力。由于地理区位和交通基础设施建设及环境条件和农业基础的差异,平顶山市的休闲农业可分为东西南北4个发展区域,其中西部傍水休闲农业区和北部山区休闲农业区具有较大的发展潜力,平顶山市可将其作为重点发展对象,重点打造水岸和山村休闲农业游,借助发展优势突出区域特色。     

基于DEA方法的中国农业水资源利用效率研究

[目的]以我国各省市2008~2015年农业水资源利用效率为研究对象,探究我国农业水资源利用效率的规律与特点,并基于此提出促进农业水资源合理利用的建议。[方法]主要采用了文献研究法、统计分析法和数据包络分析(DEA)法。通过文献搜集我国各省市2008~2015年与农业水资源利用相关的数据,构建DEA模型,对我国近年来农业水资源利用效率进行评价。[结果]2008~2015年,我国农业水资源利用效率在0.80上下浮动。各省市农业水资源利用效率随时间变化趋势不同。甘肃和上海的农业水资源利用效率涨幅最大,年增长率分别为4.39%和2.74%;山西、江西以及陕西省的农业水资源利用效率整体趋于下降;浙江、湖南以及陕西和新疆的农业水资源利用效率有先上升后下降的特点,表现出明显的波动。此外,农业水资源利用效率区域分化明显。东部地区农业水资源利用效率一般高于0.80,中部地区位于0.60~0.80,西部地区农业水资源利用效率一般低于0.60。[结论]2008~2015年,我国农业水资源利用效率表现出一定的时间差异性和空间差异性。时间差异性:我国农业水资源利用效率一直处于较高水平并呈现逐年增长趋势,不同省份的农业水资源利用效率随时间变动趋势各异。空间差异性:东部地区农业水资源利用效率最高,中东部地区农业水资源利用效率甚至达到了最优,中部地区其次,西部省区农业水资源利用效率最低。农业水资源利用效率受当地政策、经济发展水平、农业发展水平、水资源总量和人口压力等因素影响严重,今后应针对不同地区采取不同措施解决实际问题。     

DEFINING RELEVANT MARKETS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS

To identify the relevant product markets for Swedish pharmaceuticals, a spatial econometrics approach is employed. First, we calculate Moran's Is for different market definitions and then we use a spatial Durbin model to determine the effect of price changes on quantity sold of own and competing products. As expected, the results show that competition is strongest between close substitutes; however, the relevant product markets for Swedish pharmaceuticals extend beyond close substitutes down to products included in the same class on the four‐digit level of the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system as defined by the World Health Organization. The spatial regression model further indicates that increases in the price of a product significantly lower quantity sold of that product and in the same time increase the quantity sold of competing products. For close substitutes (products belonging to the same class on the seven‐digit level of the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system), as well as for products that, without being close substitutes, belong to the same therapeutic/pharmacological/chemical subgroup (the same class on the five‐digit level of the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system), increased competition is also visible after 1 July 2009 when the latest policy changes with regards to pharmaceuticals have been implemented in Sweden.